{"id":115870,"date":"2018-01-26T22:37:42","date_gmt":"2018-01-26T20:37:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.arabtelegraph.com\/?p=115870"},"modified":"2018-01-26T22:37:42","modified_gmt":"2018-01-26T20:37:42","slug":"115870","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arabtelegraph.com\/?p=115870","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"
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Declassified UK government files reveal how the UK government hatched a secret plan to devastate the Middle East’s oil industry with nuclear weapons in order to prevent the region\u2019s reserves falling into the \u201cwrong\u201d hands.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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In 1949, President Harry Truman signed off\u00a0on National Security Council policy\u00a0NSC 26\/2,\u00a0which stated in\u00a0the event of\u00a0a Soviet invasion of\u00a0the Middle East, resources and facilities would be destroyed before\u00a0the Red Army reached them. Dubbed “denial,” the approach would see oil company employees primed to\u00a0begin sabotaging and destroying their own facilities when given the green light by\u00a0Washington.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"Declassified<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Declassified Documents Reveal US\/UK “Denial” Program<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

While a US strategy, British Foreign Office\u00a0documents indicate\u00a0Whitehall was apprised of\u00a0NSC 26\/2, and enthusiastically backed the strategy, adding a corollary of\u00a0their own\u00a0\u2014 oil company employees would be assisted in\u00a0their efforts by\u00a0the military, including the Royal Air Force.<\/p>\n

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In this Dec. 13, 1951 file photo, crowds of supporters of Prime Minister Mossadegh gather around a huge portrait of Iranian Mullah Kashani, one of the powerful backers of Mossadegh’s regime, in Tehran. Once expunged from its official history, documents outlining the U.S.-backed 1953 coup in Iran have been quietly published in June 2017, by the State Department, offering a new glimpse at an operation that ultimately pushed the country toward its 1979 Islamic Revolution and hostility with the West.<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n
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Nonetheless, the UK’s plans faced a major problem, which officials noted\u00a0\u00a0in\u00a0internal files\u00a0\u2014 the British Empire’s<\/div>\n
power and influence in\u00a0the Middle East was waning, and they no longer held a monopoly on\u00a0oil refinement and production in\u00a0countries such as\u00a0Iraq and Iran. In the former case, UK-owned Iraq Petroleum maintained the largest petroleum complex\u00a0\u2014 Kiruk\u00a0\u2014 but\u00a0the government controlled major refineries in\u00a0Alwand, Baghdad and Basra.In the latter, even in\u00a0the wake of\u00a0the US\/UK-led 1953 coup, which installed the pro-Western Shah in\u00a0power and returned control of\u00a0the Iranian oil industry back into\u00a0British hands via\u00a0British Petroleum, Tehran\u00a0<\/strong>retained control of\u00a0several facilities, and was in\u00a0the process of\u00a0building more.<\/p>\n

British officials feared letting employees at\u00a0the state-owned organizations in\u00a0on the plot would significantly raise the risk of\u00a0the “denial” plans leaking out\u00a0\u2014 and it was thought unlikely the governments of\u00a0either country, while allied with\u00a0the UK, would agree to\u00a0them in\u00a0any event.<\/p>\n

Nuclear Option<\/strong><\/p>\n

A potential resolution to\u00a0the quandary was mooted in\u00a01955. That year, the UK had begun to\u00a0conduct nuclear weapons tests in\u00a0the Australian outback\u00a0\u2014\u00a0it was thought\u00a0these armaments could be “most complete method of\u00a0destroying oil installations” in\u00a0Iran and Iraq, Britain’s Joint Chiefs of\u00a0Staff stated in\u00a0a report.<\/p>\n

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\"Britain's<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n
Britain’s Oil “Denial” Plans, Including Nuclear Force<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

While it’s unclear from\u00a0the files whether Washington was involved directly in\u00a0these discussions, the Joint Chiefs certainly had\u00a0official sanction\u00a0 to\u00a0request the US use its own nuclear arsenal on\u00a0Iran’s oil fields in\u00a0the event of\u00a0a Soviet invasion of\u00a0the country\u00a0\u2014 a prospect discussed with\u00a0US officials the next year. American nuclear action was judged “the only feasible means of\u00a0oil denial” in\u00a0Iran.<\/p>\n

Although the files do not note any specific reaction to\u00a0the suggestion, CIA operative George Prussing, who was\u00a0assigned to\u00a0work with\u00a0Middle Eastern oil companies on “denial” plans, was sent to\u00a0inspect Iran’s oil fields and facilities, and investigative the feasibility of\u00a0various “denial” proposals.<\/p>\n

He judged “denial” via\u00a0ground demolition was the best option, and nuclear destruction wouldn’t be necessary. British officials\u00a0<\/strong>happily noted that the large and growing volume of\u00a0Americans working in\u00a0Iran meant such a policy could be kept secret, and successfully executed if it came to\u00a0it. Bill Otto, an employee of\u00a0Saudi oil giant Aramco and a former bomb disposal expert, was sent to\u00a0assist UK officials amend their denial plans for\u00a0the region.<\/p>\n

While nuclear weapons were off\u00a0the table, the “denial” strategy subsequently grew in\u00a0scope, to\u00a0include a US refinery in\u00a0Lebanon, a British facility in\u00a0Egypt, and a then-unfinished refinery in\u00a0Syria. The two countries also divided geographically responsibility for\u00a0executing the strategy, with\u00a0the US taking responsibility for\u00a0the Kuwait Neutral Zone, and the UK refineries and pipelines in\u00a0Israel and Turkey.<\/p>\n

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\"Declassified<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Declassified Documents Reveal UK Plans to Nuke Middle East<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

However, in\u00a01956, George Weber, a Staff Officer at\u00a0the National Security Council, suggested the policy be jettisoned\u00a0\u2014 but\u00a0only because it didn’t go quite far enough. He noted the Soviet Union was not the only challenge the West faced in\u00a0the region\u00a0\u2014 growing Arab nationalism, such as\u00a0that practiced by\u00a0Egyptian President Gamal Adbul Nasser, also threatened Western monopoly on\u00a0the region’s resources.Moreover, he suggested the demolition training programs oil company employees conducted represented a security risk, and made public exposure much more likely. As a result, a new policy\u00a0\u2014\u00a0NSC 5714\u00a0\u2014 was minted, which removed all civilian involvement and ended collaboration with\u00a0oil firms, instead leaving the task of\u00a0scuttling oil facilities solely to\u00a0military forces, and only if they were taken over\u00a0by the Red Army, or local military force.<\/p>\n

Concurrently, the British and Americans both independently forged supplementary policies for\u00a0protecting their low-cost access to\u00a0Middle East oil.\u00a0London pivoted towardspre-emptively protecting key oil installations in\u00a0the Gulf from “Egyptian subversion,” while Washington primed troops to\u00a0tackle Arab nationalist elements in\u00a0key oil-producing countries.<\/p>\n

Historical Precedents<\/strong><\/p>\n

What ultimately became of\u00a0these plans\u00a0\u2014 and whether and how Middle East rulers complied with\u00a0them\u00a0\u2014 is not clear from\u00a0the declassified files. The last mention of\u00a0the “denial” strategy in\u00a0US memoranda falls\u00a0in\u00a01963, when a John F. Kennedy Administration staffer asks the State Department whether NSC 5714 was still government policy or had been replaced. The Department’s response, if there was one, isn’t publicly available.<\/p>\n

As a result, it’s uncertain when the policy ended, or whether it did at\u00a0all\u00a0\u2014 NSC 5714 may have been amended and refined, or revoked outright, in\u00a0the decades since.<\/p>\n

However, it was not the first time the West had planned a nuclear “first strike” on\u00a0the Soviet Union. In 1945, as\u00a0World War II in\u00a0Europe was nearing its end, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill asked his military chiefs to\u00a0prepare a secret war plan\u00a0\u2014\u00a0\u00a0“Operation Unthinkable”\u2014 that would see the Western allies execute total war on\u00a0the Soviet Union in\u00a0Central and Eastern Europe, before\u00a0marching on\u00a0to the Soviet Union itself.<\/p>\n

Force totals in\u00a0Europe were highly unequal\u00a0\u2014 the US and UK had just under\u00a0four million men in\u00a0Europe when Germany surrendered, the majority of\u00a0which were Americans who would soon be transferred to\u00a0the Pacific to\u00a0fight Japan, and the Red Army numbered over\u00a011 million. To make up\u00a0the shortfall, captured Nazis would be conscripted into\u00a0the West’s ranks\u00a0\u2014 and Soviet forces would be peppered with\u00a0atomic bombs.<\/p>\n

As luck would have it, British planners concluded the plan’s chances of\u00a0success were “quite impossible”\u00a0\u2014 especially as\u00a0they depended entirely on\u00a0US acquiescence and support.<\/p>\n

Nonetheless, Churchill presented President Truman with\u00a0the plan, although noted it sketched out\u00a0a\u00a0“purely hypothetical contingency.” Truman made clear the US would play no part in\u00a0Operation Unthinkable, and the plan was dropped.<\/p>\n

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\"FILE<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
This Sept. 8, 1945 picture shows an allied correspondent standing in the rubble in front of the shell of a building\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Furthermore,\u00a0in\u00a0the 1950s\u00a0 the Pentagon sketched out\u00a0provisional plans for\u00a0nuclear war on\u00a0the Soviet Union, which would target\u00a01,200 cities and 1,100 airfields spread across\u00a0eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and China.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Targeted cities included Moscow and Leningrad, which would have 175 and 145 “designated ground zeros” respectively.<\/p>\n

The nuclear\u00a0weapons would be delivered by\u00a0aircraft such as\u00a0the B-47\u00a0\u2014 based in\u00a0the UK, Morocco and Spain\u00a0\u2014 and B-52.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Declassified UK government files reveal how the UK government hatched a secret plan to devastate the Middle East’s oil industry with nuclear weapons in order to prevent the region\u2019s reserves falling into the \u201cwrong\u201d hands. In 1949, President Harry Truman signed off\u00a0on National Security Council policy\u00a0NSC 26\/2,\u00a0which stated in\u00a0the event of\u00a0a Soviet invasion of\u00a0the Middle …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":115885,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-115870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-te-public"],"yoast_head":"\n- Arab Telegraph<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arabtelegraph.com\/?p=115870\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"- Arab Telegraph\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Declassified UK government files reveal how the UK government hatched a secret plan to devastate the Middle East’s oil industry with nuclear weapons in order to prevent the region\u2019s reserves falling into the \u201cwrong\u201d hands. 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